Important crops to Africa’s tropical wet regions include the plantain, pineapple, coffee, cocoa, and oil palms. Annual precipitation varies from 152 centimeters (60 inches) inland to 330 centimeters (130 inches) along the coasts. Temperatures remain near 27° Celsius (80° Fahrenheit) year-round. Tropical wet conditions occur along the Equator, the Gulf of Guinea, and the east Madagascar coast. Important climatic regions of agriculture include tropical wet, savanna, desert, Mediterranean, and highland. GDP is the total value of goods and services produced in a country during one year. Agriculture employs two-thirds of the continent’s working population and contributes 20 to 60 percent of every country’s gross domestic product (GDP). Climate and Agriculture Climatic factors greatly influence Africa’s agriculture, which is considered the continent’s single most important economic activity. Africa’s northern half is more dry and hot, while its southern end is more humid and cool. The continent’s narrow southern section is far more influenced by oceanic factors than the bulging northern section. This climatic symmetry is disturbed, however, by Africa’s unequal shape. Climatic zones lie on either side of this line as if it were a mirror, with tropical wet climates closer to the Equator and m ore arid conditions closer to the tropics. The Equator nearly bisects the continent into two equal parts. Important words include the Egyptian word Afru-ika, meaning “Motherland” the Greek word aphrike, meaning “without cold” and the Latin word aprica, meaning “sunny.” A number of factors influence Africa’s sunny climate. Most believe it stems from words used by the Phoenicians, Greeks, and Romans. The origin of the name “Africa” is greatly disputed by scholars. Africa’s physical geography, environment and resources, and human geography can be considered separately. It is divided in half almost equally by the Equator. Africa, the second-largest continent, is bounded by the Mediterranean Sea, the Red Sea, the Indian Ocean, and the Atlantic Ocean.
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Rachel Hoffman's tragic death turned Block into an advocate. John Sadek: We've never heard of such a thing, ya know - using college students for snitches or whatever you wanna call 'em, stool pigeons, or I don't know what you call 'em, you know? Tammy Sadek: We'd have gotten him a lawyer and told him, "No." Lesley Stahl: If Andrew had told you that he was thinking of becoming a confidential informant, what do you think your reaction would've been? The Sadeks are a ranching family still struggling with the death of their older son in a train accident years earlier, leaving Andrew an only child. (Sadek nods)]Īn award-winning student of electrical technology, Andrew Sadek did as he was told: never told any of his close friends about being an informant never called a lawyer and didn't breathe a word to his parents, Tammy and John Sadek. Jason Weber: You can't tell anybody you're working for me. Part of the agreement he signed: keep the whole thing strictly to himself. Obviously you're probably not gonna get 40 years, but is it a good possibility that you're gonna get some prison time, if you don't help yourself out? Yeah, there is, 'k? That's probably not a way to start off your young adult life and career, right? (Sadek nods)] [Jason Weber: Potentially the max is 40 years in prison, $40,000 fine. Weber has called Sadek in before charging him to present a choice: agree to work as a C.I., wear a wire and make undercover drug buys from three people, twice each - or be charged with two Class A felonies. This young man, Andrew Sadek, was caught on tape by another confidential informant making two sales - for a total of $80. Marijuana is now legal in four states and the District of Columbia, but not in North Dakota, where selling even a small amount on a campus is a Class A felony, with a maximum sentence of 20 years in prison, a fine of $20,000, or both. Weber's jurisdiction includes the campus of the North Dakota State College of Science, with some 3,000 students. Lesly Stahl: Are most of the kids that you're recruiting caught for marijuana sales? They make our jobs easier just because they are already the ones that are out there that know who the drugs dealers are and rely on them. Jason Weber: Yeah, confidential informants are really important to law enforcement across the country. The markings turned darker against the pale bark as the tree healed itself. One expert alone has recorded around 20,000 tree carvings across California, Nevada, and Oregon, dating from the early 1900s. Basque immigrants from the Pyrenees came to work as shepherds in the mid-19th century, and, spending long hours alone in forests, etched drawings and poetry into the aspen trees with a knife or even their fingernails. They have been documented across northern California and in areas such as Boise, Idaho and Steamboat Springs, Colorado. Portrait in aspen tree of Tom Mix, dated 1936, Santa Fe National Forest, New MexicoĪspen carvings are arborglyphs made in the bark of aspen trees by shepherds, many of them Basque and Irish American, throughout the Western United States. The reserve was fenced in 1980 to provide protection for the tree carvings from grazing stock and is now showing good recovery. The best known examples of momori rakau are at JM Barker (Hapupu) National Historic Reserve, where the carvings and trees are protected by a fenced enclosure and the protection of being one of only two National Historic Reserves in New Zealand. Others showed tree-like symbols and weapons, and many of the trees have horizontal carvings, like rings. There are also images of animals, such as flounders and birds, and one of a seal was found on Pitt Island. It has been speculated that at least some of the symbols represent the dead, based on the fact that in some, the figures have their knees pulled up to their chests, in the position that deceased Moriori were buried in dunes. The carvings are mostly images of people, with many of them showing ribs, somewhat similar to the X-ray art found throughout the Pacific region. A survey done in late 1998 found 147 trees with carvings in 5 locations on Rehoa, with 82 trees at Hapapu. ĭuring the 1940s, many fallen trees were found with carvings, in 31 different places on Chatham Island and at Te Puinga on Pitt Island. Most of those seen today were made in the 19th century. They are all done on the bark of Corynocarpus laevigatus, or kopi, trees, which have thick, soft bark, and are all located near evidence of settlements in the form of middens.They were done between sometime in the 17th century and around 1835, which is when the Māori people arrived on the island. The carvings depict Moriori karapuna (ancestors) and symbols of the natural world, such as patiki ( flounder) and the hopo ( albatross). In the Chatham Islands ( Rēkohu) of New Zealand, the indigenous Moriori people practised the art of momori rakau, or tree carving. In the western United States, there are incised drawings on aspens known as arborglyphs, made by shepherds and hunters, and there are carvings made by the Chumash people depicting astronomical features. In parts of Latvia and Estonia, some rural-dwelling people carve a cross on a certain tree after someone dies. These include Aboriginal Australian peoples, including in present-day New South Wales, Western Australia, and Northern Territory. People around the world have carved designs in trees imbued with cultural or spiritual significance. Owing to the fungal systems that link some trees, disease may even spread to surrounding trees. Breaking the protective layer not only allows disease in, but it may also cause cellular damage if the cut penetrates below the bark, disrupting its ability to transport nutrients through xylem and phloem. Bark acts as a protective layer similar to the way skin does in humans, keeping pests and harmful bacteria out of the organism. Optically Stimulated Luminescence ( OSL dating) on examples in the Wadi Wisad region suggest they were built in two main pulses, one in the Late Neolithic about 8,500 years ago and one about 5,400 years ago during the Early Bronze Age-Chalcolithic.Sign warning visitors not to carve into bark in Waterloo State Recreation Area, MichiganĬarving in the bark may damage the tree, by allowing diseases or pests to enter the tree. The kites and associated walls (called desert kites) are thought to be mass kill hunting tools wheels (circular stone arrangements with spokes) appear to be constructed for funerary or ritual use, and pendants are strings of burial cairns. They are classified into four main categories based on their shape: kites, meandering walls, wheels, and pendants. First brought to scholarly attention by RAF pilots flying over the desert shortly after the Arab revolt of 1916, the geoglyphs were made of stacks of basalt, between two to three slabs high. In the Black Desert of Jordan, ruins, inscriptions, and geoglyphs are called by the Bedouin tribes who live the Works of the Old Men. Hundreds of thousands of geoglyphs are known in or close to lava fields throughout the Arabian peninsula. The majority of side effects were rated mild to moderate in severity, lasting about 3 days or less. Local side effects were recorded in 84 percent of the vaccinated group after the first injection, and in 89 percent after the second. Now that’s pretty impressive-but what about those side effects. While 185 people in the unvaccinated group contracted SARS-CoV-2 during the course of the study, only 11 from the vaccinated group contracted the virus. Of those included in the study, 11,000 were from communities of color, 7,000 were people over the age of 65, and 5,000 had conditions that increased their risk for severe COVID-19. This was a double-blind placebo-controlled study, meaning 15,000 people got the actual vaccine while 15,000 got a placebo. So how safe is this thing? Well, the vaccine was tested in a study of more than 30,000 people over the age of 18. “And this vaccine is 95 percent effective.” “There are no weakened, killed or gutted viral particles in the vaccine, making it much safer for those who are immunocompromised,” Dr. This causes the immune system to fight back, creating antibodies that will fight off SARS-CoV-2 in the future. Instead, he says, the immune system recognizes the viral spike protein as a foreign body. “Without the complete genetic code, the SARS-CoV-2 virus can’t be manufactured in a human being,” Dr. But this protein alone won’t cause a COVID-19 infection. Hansen, this viral spike protein is just one of 29 proteins which make up the SARS-CoV-2 virus. When injected, the mRNA creates a “ viral spike protein” in the human body, which is virtually harmless on its own.Īccording to Dr. Hansen explains that the Moderna vaccine-which is administered in two doses-is an mRNA vaccine containing messenger RNA housed in a lipid nanoparticle. And he drops some serious knowledge on what we know about the latest vaccine for the prevention of COVID-19. In a recent YouTube video, Hansen discussed whether the Moderna vaccine is safe -and what the hell it actually does. Luckily, New York-based internist and pulmonologist Dr. But many folks are still looking for a trusted medical professional to truly break down all this scientific jargon into language they can actually understand. Getting the vaccine for your child and teen is safe and can stop the spread of the virus and protect your family from COVID-19.Over the past month, COVID-19 vaccines have rolled out across the U.S. The COVID-19 virus is still spreading, and its course has not always been predictable. And even children who have no symptoms from COVID-19 illness can-and have-developed lasting symptoms weeks to months after they recover, known as Thousands of children also have needed care in the hospital. RememberĬOVID-19 illness was one of the top 10 causes of death for kids 5 to 11 years old this past year. We have years of research and monitoring on other vaccinations that show side effects almost always happen within six weeks of getting a vaccine. COVID-19 infection is much more likely to cause myocarditis in children, especially children who develop multisystem inflammatory syndrome, than the vaccine.Īs for long-term side effects from the vaccine, the CDC says Having COVID-19 disease also can lead to this type of heart inflammation. Myocarditis, or inflammation of the heart muscle. When the vaccine was being studied, a small number of children had lymph node swelling. If you think your child might be having a severe allergic reaction after you leave the appointment, seek immediate medical care by calling 911. There are medicines to quickly treat allergic reactions. That's why your child will need to wait for 15 to 30 minutes after they have a vaccination. It is rare, but some people have had a severeĪllergic reaction to the COVID-19 vaccine. But you can ask your pediatrician about ways to help your child feel better. These symptoms usually go away in a day or so on their own. Short-term side effects that your child may feel: It is important to note that children 5-11 years old had short-term side effects less often than older adolescents and adults. These are very similar to the ones that adults experience from the COVID-19 vaccine.Ĭlinical trials, some children and adolescents had no side effects and, like adults, more children and adolescents had short-term side effects after the second dose of the vaccine compared to after their first dose. There are some mild or moderate short-term side effects that your child may experience. The COVID-19 vaccines that are approved for use in children and teens are safe. |
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